ChIP-Seq Analysis

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a method for analyzing DNA-protein interactions. Peak finding is an essential post-processing step in the analysis and interpretation of ChIP-Seq data and many tools that have been developed specifically for this purpose.

Most peak callers are difficult to parametrize such that they accurately discriminate active and inactive promoter regions [Rye et al., 2011,Heydarian et al., 2014]. Nevertheless, these peaks are clearly visible to the human eye since they show a distinct shape. The Transcription Factor ChIP-Seq tool takes a different approach, which is conceptually intuitive and modular by learning the shape of the signal from the data. The parametrization is done by giving positive and negative examples of peak shapes, making the parametrization process explicit and easily understandable.

The Transcription Factor ChIP-Seq tool uses this approach to identify genomic regions with significantly enriched read coverage and a read distribution with a characteristic shape.

ChIP-Seq data analysis is typically based on identification of genomic regions where the signal (i.e. number of mapped reads) is significantly enriched. The detection of the enrichment is based on a background model or the comparison with a ChIP-Seq sample where the immunoprecipitation step is omitted. The shape of the signal from ChIP-Seq data depends on which protein was targeted in the immunopreciptation reaction [Stanton et al., 2013,Kumar et al., 2013]. For example, the typical signal shape of a transcription factor binding site like NRSF shows a high concentration of forward reads followed by a high concentration of reverse reads (figure 29.1).

Image tfreads
Figure 29.1: Distribution of forward (green) and reverse (red) reads around a binding site of the transcription factor NRSF.

The tool makes use of this characteristic shape to identify enriched regions (peaks) in ChIP-Seq data.


Subsections